MDJ、そして「生活世界」 - Living, Loving, Thinking, Again

村上靖彦氏のツィート；

現象学的な人類学のマイケル・ジャクソンを少し読む。
生活世界論をジェイムズの根本的経験論と接続している。
「生活世界」って使ったことがないのだけど、ここ数年自分が書いてきたものは「生活世界の現象学」でもあるな、と。でもマジックワードすぎて哲学出自の僕にはかえって使いにくいのだ。
— 村上靖彦『子どもたちがつくる町』『交わらないリズム』『ケアとは何か』 (@yasuhikomurakam) 2022年2月11日

不勉強のため、Michael D. Jackson*1については馴染みがなかったのだけど。
Wikipediaから切取り；

Michael D. Jackson (born 1940) is a New Zealand poet and anthropologist who has taught in anthropology departments at Massey University, the Australian National University, Indiana University Bloomington, and the University of Copenhagen. He is currently distinguished professor of world religions at Harvard Divinity School.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(anthropologist)

Jackson is the founder of existential anthropology, a non-traditional sub-field of anthropology using ethnographic methods and drawing on traditions of phenomenology, existentialism, and critical theory, as well as American pragmatism, in exploring the human condition from the perspectives of both lifeworlds and worldviews, histories and biographies, collective representations and individual realities.
The struggle for being involves a struggle to reconcile shared and singular experiences, acting and being acted upon, being for others and being for oneself. But rather than polarise subject and object, Jackson emphasises the intersubjective negotiations at the heart of all relationships – whether between persons, persons and things, persons and language – and shows that being-in-the-world consists of endless dilemmas and constant oscillations in consciousness that admit of only temporary, imagined, narrative or ritualised resolutions. Insofar as anthropological understanding is attained through conversations and events in which the ethnographer's prejudices, ontological assumptions, and emotional dispositions are at play, the ethnographer cannot pretend to be an impartial observer, producing objective knowledge. Jackson's published work fully discloses the contexts in which understandings are negotiated, arrived at, or, in some instances, unattainable.
Jackson's recent books have explored diverse topics such as well-being in one of the world's poorest societies (Life Within Limits), the relation between religious experience and limit situations (The Palm at the End of the Mind), the interplay between egocentric and sociocentric modes of being (Between One and One Another), and writing as a technology for creating connections that transcend the limits of ordinary communication (The Other Shore).

「生活世界論をジェイムズの根本的経験論*2と接続している」。アルフレート・シュッツの「多元的現実」論*3を一瞥してもわかるように、シュッツから現象学に入門した人にとって、ウィリアム・ジェイムズはけっして馴染みが浅いわけではないだろう。現象学とジェイムズに関しては、James M. Edie William James and phenomenologyという本があったけれど、数十年前にぱらぱらと捲ったにとどまる（汗）。
1990年代以降あちこちに出てくる「生活世界」という語の多くは基本的に現象学というか、フッサールにもシュッツにも関係がないと判断していいと思う。起源を辿れば、それはタルコット・パーソンズ *4にある、多分。ユルゲン・ハーバーマスがパーソンズのAGIL図式のAとGを「システム」、IとLを「生活世界」と言い換えたことが始まりだろう。