Inspired by Renaud Camus - Living, Loving, Thinking, Again

承前*1

Joe Heim and James McAuley “New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism” https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/new-zealand-suspect-inspired-by-far-right-french-intellectual-who-feared-nonwhite-immigration/2019/03/15/8c39fba4-6201-4a8d-99c6-aa42db53d6d3_story.html

新西蘭クライストチャーチのモスク襲撃虐殺事件の容疑者、とくにBrenton Tarrant*2の思想的背景を巡って。
先ず、2011年にオスロでAnders Breivik*3が77名を虐殺した事件を皮切りに断続的に発生している極右テロ一般に関する、Kathleen Belewさんのコメント。彼女はシカゴ大学の歴史学助教授で、Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary Americaという著書をものしている。

“It very difficult to put together a public understanding of white power as a movement rather than as a series of one-off events that have nothing to do with each other,” Belew said. “But they’re all motivated by the same ideology, the same websites, the same broad understanding of the world.
“It really is a social movement and the common frame is really apparent.”

Anders Breivikとも接触したことがあるとも述べられているBrenton Tarrantの「マニュフェスト」について；

Before embarking on the deadly shooting rampage Friday in New Zealand, the suspected gunman — a 28-year-old, self-styled “regular white man from a regular family” — posted a 74-page manifesto on Twitter. In it, he referenced numerous international figures; claimed he had made brief contact with Anders Breivik, the Norwegian white supremacist who murdered 77 people in 2011; and expressed admiration for President Trump “as a symbol of renewed white identity and common purpose.”

The sprawling, angry text may shed some light on the motivation behind an attack that killed 49 people during Friday prayers and wounded dozens of others. Among other things, the suspect — who Christchurch police say posted the manifesto and whom they have since charged with murder — wrote that a trip to France in 2017 convinced him that the country was under “invasion” by “nonwhites.”

Brenton Tarrantの「マニュフェスト」のタイトルは”The Great Replacement”だが、これは仏蘭西の思想家Renaud Camusの著書のタイトル、Le Grand Remplacementの英訳である*4。その要旨は、仏蘭西を初めとするヨーロッパは（その多くがムスリムである）アフリカ人の殖民地になりつつあるぞ！　というもの。

In that book, Camus expounds on the “theory” that Europe’s white majority is being replaced by North African and sub-Saharan African immigrants, many of whom are Muslim.
The “great replacement” has been a battle cry of the French far right, even after immigration arrivals into Europe fell significantly after their peak in 2015. In the words of Marion Maréchal, granddaughter of convicted Holocaust denier Jean-Marie Le Pen and a favorite of the American far right, the idea perfectly corresponds to reality.
“Today, there is in fact a substitution of certain parts of the territory of so-called native French by a newly immigrated population,” she said in 2015.
The notion of “massive immigration” that will inevitably provoke a violent cultural clash has spread from the fringes of French public discourse into the political mainstream. Laurent Wauquiez, leader of France’s mainstream conservative party, Les Républicains, likewise called Camus’s idea “a reality” in 2017.
It has also crossed oceans. In Charlottesville, in August 2017, protesters chanted “Jews will not replace us!” (In 2018, Camus released another book, this time titled “You Will Not Replace US!”)
In Pittsburgh last October, the shooter who killed 11 Jews in the deadliest anti-Semitic attack in U.S. history was apparently motivated by outrage over immigration, and specifically the activities of HIAS, originally the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, which provides humanitarian assistance to refugees.

Camus本人のコメント；

Reached by phone Friday morning at his home in southwestern France, Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence. But when asked whether he objects to how his “great replacement” idea has been interpreted by the general public, including far-right politicians and their supporters, he said he does not.
“To the fact that people take notice of the ethnic substitution that is in progress in my country?” he asked. “No. To the contrary.”
Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a “counterrevolt” against “colonization in Europe today” will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations.
“I hope it becomes stronger,” he said, claiming that this apparent “demographic colonization” was “20 times more important than the colonization Europe did to Africa, for example.”

ところで、仏蘭西において、Renaud Camusの言説はトンデモとして周辺化されているわけではない。仏蘭西知識人の世界においてそれなりの居場所を確保している；

“On the one hand, Renaud Camus is portrayed as an extremist ideologue for the far right, but he’s also being invited on France Culture,” said Yasser Louati, a Muslim community organizer in Paris. “He’s given a platform.”
France Culture is among the most highbrow radio programs in Europe, a French equivalent of NPR. Camus has also discussed the “great replacement” on “Répliques*5,” a program anchored by Alain Finkielkraut, a prominent French intellectual.

アラン・フィンケルクロート*6に擁護されている。フィンケルクロートって右翼だけれど、言っていることは面白く、嫌いではないのだけどね。
ところで、Renaud Camusを巡って、Wikipediaを読んで吃驚*7。彼はそもそもロラン・バルト、マルグリット・デュラス、ルイ・アラゴン、ロバート・ラウシェンバーグ、アラン・ロブ＝グリエ、アンディ・ウォーホルなどと友人関係にあった人なのだった。また、同性愛者で、仏蘭西におけるゲイ解放運動の先駆的な存在でもあった。極右思想家／活動家として名を馳せるようになるのは21世紀に入ってからのようだ。また、彼は反マクロンの〈黄色いヴェスト〉運動*8を支持しており、反エリート主義、反新自由主義の思想家／活動家という側面も有しているようだ*9。
また、米国の極右運動への影響については、

Thomas Chatterton Williams “The French Origins of “You Will Not Replace Us”” https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us

をマークしておく。
さて、

中村かさね「ニュージーランドの銃乱射、安倍首相ら各国リーダーがTwitterで哀悼メッセージの輪」https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/entry/story_jp_5c8c8d95e4b0db7da9f3a02f

何故日本の首相は英語で書かなかったのかというのはともかくとして、トランプの発言には相当の突っ込みがあるようだ。上の『ワシントン・ポスト』の記事もそう。ムスリムの「悪魔化」を先頭で行ってきたのは誰なの？　ということだ。また、一般的な社会的雰囲気を巡っては、

HA Hellyer “The Islamophobia that led to the Christchurch shooting must be confronted” https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/15/islamophobia-christchurch-shooting-anti-muslim-bigotry-new-zealand

も参照されたい。

*1:https://sumita-m.hatenadiary.com/entry/2019/03/16/015624

*2:See eg. Lisa Martin and Ben Smee “What do we know about the Christchurch attack suspect?” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/rightwing-extremist-wrote-manifesto-before-livestreaming-christchurch-shooting

*4:『朝日新聞』もこの本に言及しているが、何故か著者には言及していない。「ニュージーランド銃乱射事件、2011年に出版された本が影響か」https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/entry/nz-hate-book_jp_5c8da446e4b03e83bdc1bcb9

*5:https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/repliques/le-grand-demenagement-du-monde-1

*7:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaud_Camus https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaud_Camus

*9:See Chris Tomlinson “Author Explains Paris Protests: Deplorables Reacting Against ‘Davocracy’ Elite” https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/28/author-explains-paris-protests-deplorables-reacting-against-davocracy-elite/