Ed Butler “The man hired to have sex with children” http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-36843769
アフリカのマラウィ*1の南部には「ハイエナ」と呼ばれる男たちがいる。彼らの仕事は「浄め（cleansing）」の「儀礼」としてのセックスを行うことである。例えば、男性が死亡した場合、残された妻は夫を埋葬する前に「ハイエナ」とセックスしなければならない。また、女性が堕胎した場合、「ハイエナ」とセックスして「浄め」を行わなければならない。少女が初潮を迎えると、家族が手配した「ハイエナ」とセックスすることが大人の女性になるための「通過儀礼」と見なされる。最近では、「ハイエナ」によって「浄め」どころかHIV/Aidsのような性病が拡散するリスクが問題になっている。国連の推計によれば、マラウィ人のHIVウィルス保持率は10％に上っている。
なお、Ed Butler記者がインタヴューしている「ハイエナ」はHIVがポジティヴであることを認めている。しかし、クライアントがそれを知っているかどうかはわからない。
I put it to them that there's a much greater risk that these "cleansings" will themselves spread disease. According to custom, sex with the hyena must never be protected with the use of condoms. But they say a hyena is hand-picked for his good morals, and therefore cannot be infected with HIV/Aids.
「ハイエナ」が関わる儀礼は教会からも政府からも「有害な文化的慣行（harmful cultural practice）」として非難されており、高学歴の親では娘のために「ハイエナ」を雇わないという人も増えている；
カトリック司祭／人類学者のClause Boucher神父の見解；
All of those involved in these rituals are aware that these customs are condemned by outsiders - not just by the church, but by NGOs and the government as well, which has launched a campaign against so-called "harmful cultural practices"."We are not going to condemn these people," says Dr May Shaba, permanent secretary of the Ministry of Gender and Welfare. "But we are going to give them information that they need to change their rituals."
Parents who have had more education than others may already choose not to hire a hyena, I am told. But the female elders I spoke to remain defiant.
また、地域差；
According to Father Clause Boucher, a French-born Catholic priest who's lived in Malawi for 50 years and is now its pre-eminent anthropologist, the rituals date back centuries. They stem from age-old beliefs about the need for children to be passed into the "heat" of adulthood by a sexual act, he says. In the past, when girls tended not to reach puberty until they were 15 or 16, this would often have been carried out by a selected future husband. Today it's more likely to done by a paid sex worker, a hyena, and there's no shame attached to that.Father Boucher points out that the efforts to change this sexualisation of children have been stubbornly resisted in remote southern areas, despite more than a century of Christianity and 30 years of the Aids epidemic. In most of the country - and particularly in areas close to the cities of Blantyre and Lilongwe - "sexual cleansing" is rarely if ever practised.
エイズを巡っては、
In Malawi's central Dedza district, hyenas are only ever used to initiate widows or infertile women, but the Paramount Chief Theresa Kachindamoto - a rare female figurehead in Malawi - has made the fight against the tradition a personal priority.She is trying to galvanise other regional chiefs to make similar efforts. In some other districts, like Mangochi in the east of the country, ceremonies are being adapted to replace sex with a more benign anointing of the girl.
In Nsanje, though, there is little effort to bring about change. With Malawi one of the poorest countries in the world, and suffering from growing reports of rural hunger, it's not a policy priority.
Nuno R. Faria, Andrew Rambaut, Marc A. Suchard, Guy Baele,Trevor Bedford,Melissa J. Ward, Andrew J. Tatem, João D. Sousa, Nimalan Arinaminpathy, Jacques Pépin, David Posada, Martine Peeters, Oliver G. Pybus, Philippe Lemey “The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations” Science Vol. 346 no. 6205 pp. 56-61, 3 October 2014 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6205/56
Ian Sample “HIV pandemic originated in Kinshasa in the 1920s, say scientists” http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/02/hiv-aids-pandemic-kinshasa-africa
James Gallagher “Aids: Origin of pandemic 'was 1920s Kinshasa'” http://www.bbc.com/news/health-29442642
を再度マークしておく*2。
Pumza Fihlani “How do you make a man wear a condom?” http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36825239
一日に900人以上の割合でHIV感染者が増えている南アフリカ共和国では、男性のコンドーム使用が減る傾向にある。女性へのインタヴュー。
