18世紀と「美学」（メモ）

Kant: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

Roger Scruton Kant: A Very Short Introductionからメモ。

The eighteenth century saw the birth of modern aesthetics. Shaftesbury*1 and his followers mede penetrating observations on the experience of beauty; Burke presented his famous distinction between the beautiful and the sublime; Batteux*2 in France and Lessing and Winckelmann*3 in Germany attempted to provide universal principles for the classification and judgment of works of art. The Leibnizians also made their contribution, and the modern use of the term “aesthetic” is due to Kant's mentor A. G. Baumgarften*4 . Nevertheless, no philosophers since Plato had given to aesthetic experience the central role in philosophy that Kant was to give to it. Nor had Kant's predecesors perceived, as he perceived, that both metaphysics and ethics must remain incomplete without a theory of the aesthetic. Only a rational being canexperience beauty: and, without the exeprience of beauty, the exercise of reason is c\incomplete. It is only in the aesthetic experience of nature, Kant suggests, that we grasp the relation of our faculties to the world, and so understand both our own limitations, and the possibility of transcending them. Aesthetic experience intimates to us that our point of view is, after all, only our point of view, and that we are no more creators of nature than we are creators of the point of view from which we observe and act on it. Momentarilly we stand outside that point of view, not so as to have knowledge of a transcendent world, but so as to perceive the harmony that exists between our faculities and objects in relation to which they are employed. At the same time we sense the divine order that makes this harmony possible. (pp.99-100)

この件に関しては、柄谷行人『世界共和国へ』、p.172ff.も参照のこと*5。

世界共和国へ―資本=ネーション=国家を超えて (岩波新書)

*1:Anthony Ashley Cooper, the third Earl of Shaftesbury. See eg. Michael B. Gill “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/ Wikipedia entry on “Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury

*2:See eg. Jean-Marc Warszawski “Batteux Charles 1713-1780” http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/b/batteux_charles.html “Charles BATTEUX” http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/charles-batteux?fauteuil=37&election=14-02-1761 Wikipedia entries on “Charles Batteux” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Batteux http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Batteux

*3:See eg. “Johann Joachim Winckelmann – Biography” http://www.egs.edu/library/johann-joachim-winckelmann/ Wikipedia entry on “Johann Joachim Winckelmann” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann

*4:See eg. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten Leonard P. Wessell, Jr. “Alexander Baumgarten's Contribution to the Development of Aesthetics” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Spring, 1972), pp. 333-342 http://www.jstor.org/stable/428739

*5:See http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20070502/1178032169