石器時代の大虐殺 - Living, Loving, Thinking, Again

Maev Kennedy “Stone-age massacre offers earliest evidence of human warfare” http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jan/20/stone-age-massacre-offers-earliest-evidence-human-warfare-kenya

2012年に、エチオピア国境に近いケニア北部のトゥルカナ湖 *1附近のNataruk で、残虐な手段で殺害されたと思われる、約１万年前の28体の人間の死体が発掘された。共同体内部の内ゲバなのか外ゲバなのかはわからないが、とにかく世界最古の虐殺犠牲者ということになる*2。
記事に曰く、

The discovery, published on Wednesday in the journal Nature, was made in 2012 at Nataruk, a site 30km from Lake Turkana in northern Kenya’s Rift Valley, and is the earliest securely dated evidence of violent confrontation between nomadic hunter-gatherer groups.
“The deaths at Nataruk are testimony to the antiquity of inter-group violence and war,” said Marta Mirazón Lahr*3, from the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies at Cambridge, who led the study.
“These human remains record the intentional killing of a small band of foragers with no deliberate burial, and provide unique evidence that warfare was part of the repertoire of inter-group relations among some prehistoric hunter-gatherers.”
The fragmentary remains of the children, all under six except for oneteenager, were found with the women’s skeletons.
Most skeletons had severe skull fractures including extreme blunt force injuries to cheek and facial bones, broken hands, knees and ribs, arrow marks in the neck and, in the case of two men, arrow tips still lodged in their skulls and chests.
The pregnant woman was found crouched, with both forearms and ankles crossed and probably originally bound; her skeleton was first spotted from her fractured knees protruding above the soil.

The site was dated to the fertile period after the last ice age, following radio carbon and other dating tests carried out on the bones, and the shell and sediment found with them.
The area is now scrub, but 10,000 years ago was fertile lakeshore, with ample food from fishing, game from nearby forest and woodland, and fresh drinking water – a highly desirable place to settle, disastrously so for this group.
“The Nataruk massacre may have resulted from an attempt to seize resources – territory, women, children, food stored in pots – whose value was similar to those of later food-producing agricultural societies among whom violent attacks on settlements became part of life,” said Lahr.
One man had a fragment of blade made from obsidian – a black volcanic stone that can be flaked to razor sharpness – still stuck in his skull. The injury apparently had not killed him, because the right side of his face and head had been smashed in with a blunt instrument, probably a wooden club. His knees were also shattered, causing him to topple face down into the water. Another male took two skull-crushing blows, one above the right eye, the other at the left side of the skull.
Lahr’s conclusions are grim – the extreme violence used was typical rather than a brutal exception. She argued: “Nataruk may simply be evidence of a standard antagonistic response to an encounter between two social groups at that time.”

さて、マーシャル・サーリンズ先生*4のコメントや如何に？

See also
University of Cambridge “Evidence of a prehistoric massacre extends the history of warfare” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160120141518.htm

*1:See eg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E6%B9%96 John Vidal “Ethiopia dam will turn Lake Turkana into 'endless battlefield', locals warn”http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jan/13/ethiopia-gibe-iii-dam-kenya はこの湖を巡る最近の紛争について。

*2:勿論、それ以前に虐殺がなかったわけではなかろう。『2001年宇宙の旅』によれば、対人暴力の起源はヒトへの進化というか道具の使用と同時的だったのだ。See also http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110901/1314903862