熱湯浴の時代in Europe - Living, Loving, Thinking, Again

Peter Walker and Matthew Taylor “Far right on rise in Europe, says report” http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/06/far-right-rise-europe-report

英国のシンクタンクDemos*1によるヨーロッパ極右調査。今年の７〜８月にフェイスブック上の広告を通じてインフォーマントを募集し、ヨーロッパ11箇国の14の極右団体のフォロワー１万人を調査した。この調査はあのAnders Behring Breivikによる〈オスロ虐殺事件〉*2の直後に行われたことになる。また、希臘財政危機に端を発したヨーロッパ通貨危機の前。

Parties touting anti-immigrant and Islamophobic ideas have spread beyond established strongholds in France, Italy and Austria to the traditionally liberal Netherlands and Scandinavia, and now have significant parliamentary blocs in eight countries. Other nations have seen the rise of nationalist street movements like the English Defence League (EDL). But, experts say, polling booths and demos are only part of the picture: online, a new generation is following these organisations and swapping ideas, particularly through Facebook. For most parties the numbers online are significantly bigger than their formal membership.
The phenomenon is sometimes difficult to pin down given the guises under which such groups operate. At one end are parties like France's National Front, a significant force in the country's politics for 25 years and seen as a realistic challenger in next year's presidential election. At the other are semi-organised street movements like the EDL, which struggles to muster more than a few hundred supporters for occasional demonstrations, or France's Muslim-baiting Bloc Indentitaire, best known for serving a pork-based "identity soup" to homeless people*3.
Others still take an almost pick-and-mix approach to ideology; a number of the Scandinavian parties which have flourished in recent years combine decidedly left-leaning views on welfare with vehement opposition to all forms of multiculturalism.
Youth, Demos found, was a common factor. Facebook's own advertising tool let Demos crunch data from almost 450,000 supporters of the 14 organisations. Almost two-thirds were aged under 30, against half of Facebook users overall. Threequarters were male, and more likely than average to be unemployed.

通貨危機後の反EUへの傾斜。これは「移民」に向けられていたのと同じ態度が希臘や伊太利のような「南ヨーロッパ」に対して向けられつつあるということか；

While the poll shows economics playing a minimal role, analysts believe the eurozone crisis is likely to boost recruitment to anti-EU populist parties which are keen to play up national divisions. "Why do the Austrians, as well as the Germans or the Dutch, constantly have to pay for the bottomless pit of the southern European countries?" asked Heinz-Christian Strache, head of the Freedom Party of Austria, once led by the late Jörg Haider*4. Such parties have well over doubled their MPs around western Europe in a decade.

極右擡頭に対する主流政治家の責任を巡って；

Gavan Titley*5 , an expert on the politics of racism in Europe and co-author of the recent book The Crises of Multiculturalism, said these mainstream politicians had another responsibility for the rise of the new groups, by too readily adopting casual Islamophobia.
"The language and attitudes of many mainstream parties across Europe during the 'war on terror', especially in its early years, laid the groundwork for much of the language and justifications that these groups are now using around the whole idea of defending liberal values – from gender to freedom of speech," he said.
"Racist strategies constantly adapt to political conditions, and seek new sets of values, language and arguments to make claims to political legitimacy. Over the past decade, Muslim populations around Europe, whatever their backgrounds, have been represented as the enemy within or at least as legitimately under suspicion. It is this very mainstream political repertoire that newer movements have appropriated."

熱湯浴になっても極右政党に投票するとは限らないということ；

As a political party, having tens of thousands of online supporters is one thing but translating these into actual votes can be quite another. However, the Demos survey found that 67% of the Facebook fans of the nationalist-populist groups which put up candidates – some are street movements only – said they had voted for them at the most recent election.
Further analysis found that female supporters were more likely to turn support into a vote, as were those who were employed.

*1:http://www.demos.co.uk/

*3:See “French crackdown on 'racist soup'” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4644766.stm

*4:See eg. http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20081011/1223755308

*5:See http://mediastudies.nuim.ie/staff/gavantitley