Vita and Virginia

Catherine Shoard “Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West romance set for big screen” https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jul/04/virginia-woolf-vita-sackville-romance-big-screen-eileen-atkins-chanya-button

女優／劇作家のアイリーン・アトキンス*1の舞台劇Vita and VirginiaがChanya Button*2によって映画化されることになった。まだキャスティングは発表されていない。1992年に初演されたこの戯曲は、ヴァージニア・ウルフとヴィタ・サックヴィル＝ウェストとの恋愛／友情関係を描いたもの。

The relationship between the two Bloomsbury luminaries began in 1922 and lasted around a decade, although they remained friends until Woolf’s death in 1941. The novelist dedicated 1928’s Orlando to Sackville-West; Vita’s son, Nigel Nicholson*3, called it “the longest and most charming love-letter in literature”.

オーランドー (ちくま文庫)

ヴィタ・サックヴィル＝ウェストを巡って幾つか；

Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88
Matthew Dennison “Who was the real Vita Sackville-West?” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/11166590/the-many-sides-of-vita-sackville-west.html
Vita Sackville-West & Virginia Woolf “A Thing That Wants Virginia” http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2016/03/09/a-thing-that-wants-virginia/
Maev Kennedy “Vita Sackville-West's erotic verse to her lover emerges from 'intoxicating night'” https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/apr/29/sackville-west-lost-poem-lover-trefusis

さて、 アイリーン・アトキンスは映画『めぐりあう時間たち（Hours）』*4にも出演していた。

めぐりあう時間たち [DVD]

*1:See eg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Atkins https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9

*2:https://twitter.com/chanyabutton See eg. Freja Dam “LFF 2015 Women Directors: Meet Chanya Button – ‘Burn Burn Burn’” http://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/lff-2015-women-directors-meet-chanya-button-burn-burn-burn-213056/

*3:See eg. Michael de-la-Noy “Nigel Nicolson” https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/sep/24/guardianobituaries.books https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Nicolson 彼はヴァージニア・ウルフの伝記を書いている。

*4:Mentioned in http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20060806/1154842237 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20070628/1183024365 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20091223/1261534214 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20100811/1281540825 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110211/1297401746 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110212/1297537155 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110727/1311800728

精子をチェック

Moira Weigel “Men can test their sperm count at home with new device Trak” https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/05/trak-sperm-count-app-men-fertility-testing

所謂〈不妊〉の40％は男性側、特にその精子の量的・質的問題に起因していると言われている。しかしながら、或る種の明白な性差別のせいで、所謂〈妊活〉*1は「専ら女性の問題（an exclusively female concern）」とされる傾向がまだまだ強い。
さて、男性が自らの精子の量をチェックすることができるディヴァイス、Trakが開発され、今年の５月に米国のFDAによって認可された。

“In general women are getting tested and evaluated much earlier than men,” explains Greg Sommer, co-founder and CEO of Sandstone Diagnostics*2 which makes the Trak device. He met his co-founder Ulrich Schaff at the Sandia National Laboratories*3 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and started exploring the possibility of making an app to track male fertility in 2012. At the time, he says, “it was a wide open space, a wide open market opportunity”. “The fertility industry is exploding. But it’s all focused on women.”

Deborah Lupton*4, a sociology professor at the University of Canberra, Australia, who specializes in digital health studies and pregnancy, says she knows of no other device that allows men to test their sperm count at home. She said she welcomes it, not least because it draws attention to what male partners can do to help conceive. “So much emphasis is placed on women’s bodies in the conception process, including a plethora of apps and fertility monitoring devices and software that are directed specifically at women. It’s about time attention was turned to men and technologies developed to help them.”

Trakはどのように使うのか。測定とデータの蓄積；

Trak works by depositing a few drops of a semen sample into a disposable, single-use cartridge called a Prop. The device spins the cartridge, using centrifugal force to isolate sperm cells. The instructions note: “Seal before spin” – preferable to spraying a semen sample over nearby surfaces.

The Prop provides a reading, indicating whether the sperm concentration (a figure measured in “millions per millimeter”) is “optimal”, “moderate” or “low”. Finally, Trak sends this information to a smartphone app, which allows users to chart their sperm counts over time, keep track of how they correspond to other behaviors including sleep or stress, and to set and measure themselves against “goals”.

値段。Trakは不妊治療の「民主化」を実現するか。

Trak devices start shipping in October 2016, priced at $159.99 – and come with a complimentary copy of a male reproductive health guide called Don’t Cook Your Balls. (Research has shown that sperm counts increase as much as 600% when a person who uses hot tubs regularly stops going in the hot tub.)

Like many health tracking startups, Sandstone claims its product will help democratize care by removing the obstacles that prevent people from seeking it. A sperm analysis at the doctor’s office in the US will typically cost $140 to $150, but many fertility treatments are still not covered by health insurance. And then there are questions of inconvenience, shame and stigma.

“It’s a big barrier for couples to go from saying ‘We’re having trouble conceiving’ to saying ‘We’re going to a fertility doctor,” Sommers observes.

Whether such devices become instruments for democratizing healthcare, or simply remain in the hands of early tech adopters – who tend to be disproportionately white and well off – remains to be seen.

プライヴァシーの問題など；

And like all tracking devices, Trak also raises important unresolved questions about data privacy. “Consumer health technologies are always sensitive, and all the more so when it comes to areas that a lot of people feel are very private, like fertility,” says Karen Levy*5, a Cornell University professor who focuses on monitoring technologies.

“There can be a psychological benefit to feeling like you have some control over a very vulnerable part of your life – data can give us that feeling.” But Levy points out that the emphasis on the gamification strategies that many apps adopt to engage and motivate users can have negative psychological consequences.

“Scoring and quantifying aspects of sexual health has the potential to be empowering, by giving people data to act on ... but it also has the tendency to make people feel responsible for the underlying number, even if their capability to change that number is somewhat limited.”

Levy adds that the fact that fertility tracking devices are usually used by couples together introduces a whole range of complex questions quite different from a Fitbit or a Calorie Counter. They could have “all kinds of interesting and unanticipated consequences for relationships” – for instance, producing a situation where one partner scrutinizes and tries to control the data of another.

Levy observes that Trak’s project of trying to apply this Quantified Self approach to tracking male fertility flips the gender script. “It will be interesting to see how men respond to this. It might be the case that men are not used to providing sensitive data about their bodies in this context in the way that women have become accustomed to invasive data collection – in which case they might resist using these systems.

“But maybe they’ll see at-home testing kits like Trak as preferable to providing a sperm sample at a testing clinic, and see this as a less privacy-invasive alternative.”

*1:See also http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20150213/1423795948 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160129/1454091286 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160603/1464962661 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160611/1465622604

*2:http://www.sandstonediagnostics.com/

*3:http://www.sandia.gov/ See eg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80

*4:https://twitter.com/DALupton See eg. https://www.canberra.edu.au/about-uc/faculties/arts-design/courses/communications-staff/lupton-deborah

*5:http://www.karen-levy.net/ See eg. http://infosci.cornell.edu/faculty/karen-levy

Alvin Toffler

承前*1

Robert Colvile “Alvin Toffler obituary” https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jul/03/alvin-toffler-obituary

アルヴィン・トフラーという人の思想史的意味を簡潔に纏めた文章だと思った。
曰く、

Today, it is almost a commonplace that technology is transforming the world, and that many of us are struggling to cope. But Alvin Toffler, who has died at the age of 87*2, was the first to take that idea into the mainstream in his book Future Shock (1970), which blamed society’s ills on the “dizzying disorientation brought on by the premature arrival of the future”.

It was a sensation, selling millions of copies and turned into a film narrated by Orson Welles*3. Alongside further works such as The Third Wave (1980), it established Toffler as one of the world’s most famous futurists, and saw phrases such as “future shock”, “information overload” and “the information age” added to the lexicon.

未来の衝撃 (中公文庫 M 178)

第三の波 (中公文庫 M 178-3)

Toffler helped to foster the belief within Silicon Valley and elsewhere that the function of technology firms was not just to make money, but to change the world. He also pioneered the idea of the writer as public intellectual, parlaying that first bestseller into a lucrative career as a lecturer, consultant and all-purpose oracle. Toffler’s publicity friendly neologisms and overheated language – one reviewer complained that he “sends flocks of facts and speculation whirling past like birds in a tornado” – did not always catch on. For every “prosumer” (someone who both produces and consumes products or media) there was a forgotten “antiwar”, “cognitariat”, “configurative me” or “practopia”. But many of the authors filling the popular science shelves are essentially colouring within the lines he drew.

トフラーに影響を受けた政治家というと、共和党右派のニュート・ギングリッチ*4が有名だが、政治家のトフラー・ファンとしては、ほかにミハイル・ゴルバチョフ、（意外だが）ベネズエラのウゴ・チャベス*5。
また、この記事で、トフラーが『プレイボーイ』のためにウラディミール・ナボコフ*6にインタヴューしていることを知った*7。

He was perennially pessimistic about the ability of government and other bureaucracies (including large companies) to cope with the changes he described. As early as 1996 he warned that the European Union’s “runaway harmonisation of everything in sight from education to standards for automobile tyres” would lead to disaster. Yet he still maintained that while humanity faces “the deepest social upheaval and creative restructuring of all time”, the end result would be a great leap forward for mankind.

*1:http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160630/1467304888

*2:See Associated Press “Alvin Toffler, author of Future Shock, dies aged 87” https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jun/30/alvin-toffler-author-of-future-shock-dies-aged-87

*3:See http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0826713/

*4:Mentioned in http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110729/1311959050

*5:See also http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20070604/1180952185 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20070812/1186939206 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20070817/1187330041 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20070824/1187979598 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20080930/1222748469 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110326/1301089033 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20111110/1320856881 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20130306/1362532759 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160116/1452967720

*6:See also http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20080924/1222232183 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20081211/1228971729 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20090717/1247839211 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20100913/1284405038 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110126/1296050973 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20111117/1321458547 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20120401/1333220131 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20130916/1379311704

*7:“Nabokov's interview. (03) Playboy [1964]” http://www.lib.ru/NABOKOW/Inter03.txt

仏恥義理できなかった

時事通信の記事；

パトカー呼び出し集団暴走＝高校生ら１３人逮捕−警視庁

2016年7月4日 12時6分

時事通信社
　１１０番でパトカーを呼び出し、バイクで集団暴走したとして、警視庁交通執行課などは４日までに、道交法違反（共同危険行為）の疑いで東京都葛飾区に住む１５〜１７歳の高校生ら少年１３人を逮捕した。いずれも容疑を認め、「スリルを味わいたかった。本当にばかなことをした」と話しているという。

　逮捕容疑は昨年１２月１３日未明、葛飾区内の道路で８台のバイクに分乗し、約４．４キロにわたって蛇行運転や信号無視を繰り返した疑い。

　交通執行課によると、１３人はメンバーの１人が少年院を出たことから「出所祝い」と称し集団暴走を企画。「暴走族８台が走り回っている」と自ら１１０番してパトカーを呼び出し、追跡させた上でバイクで逃げていた。　
http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/11720619/

既に稀少動物化している「暴走族」*1。「メンバーの１人が少年院を出たことから「出所祝い」と称し集団暴走を企画」ということなど、〈絆〉ということを尚ぶ世間の人々（或いは『少年ジャンプ』のファン）の感涙を誘うのではないか。ところで、「パトカーを呼び出し」たということだけど、「パトカー」を仏恥義理する自信があったということ？

*1:See also http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20060519/1148016388 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20061128/1164677475 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20070201/1170346720 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20071108/1194539434 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20080713/1215970395 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20080721/1216604148 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20090325/1237951018 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20090410/1239342931 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20090702/1246567126 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20090711/1247312618 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20090904/1252083849 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20091001/1254415874 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20091120/1258736151 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20100104/1262578368 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20100220/1266642082 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20101105/1288930585 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110825/1314210338 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20111028/1319737573 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20150318/1426656083 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160316/1458103970 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160409/1460204457

曽根晴美

『日刊スポーツ』の記事；

「仁義なき戦い」「キイハンター」曽根晴美さん死去
[2016年7月6日10時34分]

　俳優の曽根晴美（そね・はるみ）さんが６月１６日午後１時２分、胆管細胞がんのため名古屋市の病院で死去していたことが６日、分かった。７８歳だった。大阪府出身。葬儀は家族で行った。

　５７年、東映ニューフェイスに合格。迫力のある悪役、敵役として映画「仁義なき戦い」シリーズやテレビドラマ「キイハンター」など多数の作品に出演した。０３年に自ら製作・出演したビデオ作品「極道恐怖大劇場　牛頭ＧＯＺＵ」（三池崇史監督）はカンヌ国際映画祭の監督週間で上映された。 http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1674072.html

そういえば、瀬戸内寂聴の俗名も「晴美」だったのだ。名前のジェンダー中立的な響きといかつい役のギャップを埋めるため、「将之」という別名を名乗ったのかも知れない。
（東映の役者ということで当たり前かも知れないが）この曽根晴美という役者*1は深作欣二という映画監督*2と特に緊密に結びついていたことがわかる。『仁義なき戦い』シリーズ*3は勿論のこと、『キイハンター』も深作絡み。ほかに、（玉石混淆の）深作作品で曽根さんが出ているのを不完全ながら挙げてみると、『仁義の墓場』、『県警対組織暴力』、『やくざの墓場』、『柳生一族の陰謀』、『赤穂城断絶』、『宇宙からのメッセージ』、『里見八犬伝』。

仁義なき戦い [DVD]

仁義なき戦い 代理戦争 [DVD]

仁義なき戦い 頂上作戦 [DVD]

仁義なき戦い 完結篇 [DVD]

キイハンター BEST SELECTION BOX [DVD]

仁義の墓場 [VHS]

県警対組織暴力 [DVD]

やくざの墓場 くちなしの花 [VHS]

柳生一族の陰謀 [DVD]

赤穂城断絶 [DVD]

宇宙からのメッセージ [DVD]

里見八犬伝 [DVD]

ところで、

「曽根晴美が死去！Wikiで日ハム選手だったことが判明！？　[芸能]」http://torotorohanzo.blog.so-net.ne.jp/2016-07-06-2

「日ハム」というのを見ると、東映フライヤーズ！　と強く訂正したくなる。ところで、曽根さんの頃のフライヤーズの本拠地は後楽園ではなくて駒沢公園にあった駒沢球場。駒沢球場は東京オリンピックのために1962年に取り壊される。駒沢が使えなくなったので直ぐに後楽園に本拠を移したと思っていたのだが、フライヤーズが後楽園に正式に本拠地を移すのは1965年なのだった。それまでは神宮球場に間借りしていた。後楽園への移転は国鉄スワローズの神宮本拠地化の煽りであったようだ*4。

*1:See eg. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BD%E6%A0%B9%E6%99%B4%E7%BE%8E

*2:See eg. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%A3%E4%BA%8C Mentioned in http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20061010/1160484148 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20080819/1219169903 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20090709/1247156644 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20100324/1269362264 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20100712/1278905010 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20120711/1341945154 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20141118/1416325456 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20150423/1429763893 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160427/1461729780

*3:『広島死闘篇』には出演していない。『新仁義なき戦い』シリーズで出演しているのは『組長最後の日』のみ。

新 仁義なき戦い 組長最後の日 [DVD]

*4:https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA

Recovery of Ginger Baker

Simon Keegan “Cream legend Ginger Baker undergoes open heart surgery” http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/cream-legend-ginger-baker-undergoes-8348095
John Earls “Ginger Baker undergoes open heart surgery” http://www.nme.com/news/cream/94796
Jon Blistein “Cream Drummer Ginger Baker Recovering From Heart Surgery” http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/cream-drummer-ginger-baker-recovering-from-heart-surgery-20160705

かつてクリームのドラマーだったジンジャー・ベイカーは今年の２月に心臓に深刻な問題ありと診断され、ツアー中止を余儀なくされていた*1。彼は先月心臓切開手術を受け*2、現在恢復の過程にあることが明らかになった。

*1:See Ginger Baker “Ginger is shocked by the news of his health” http://www.gingerbaker.com/blog/ginger-is-shocked-by-the-news-of-his-health/ Daniel Kreps “Ginger Baker Cancels Tour Due to 'Serious Heart Problems'” http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ginger-baker-cancels-tour-due-to-serious-heart-problems-20160228 Mentioned in http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160229/1456710482

*2:See Leda Baker “Ginger on the road to recovery” http://www.gingerbaker.com/blog/ginger-is-on-the-road-to-recovery/

Hesitation of JP?

Kory Grow “Aerosmith's Joe Perry Addresses Steven Tyler's 'Farewell Tour' Claim” http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/aerosmiths-joe-perry-addresses-steven-tylers-farewell-tour-claim-20160630

スティーヴン・タイラーがエアロスミスの「さよならツアー」とツアー後のエアロスミス解散を宣言したのだが*1、その数日後にギタリストのジョー・ペリーが『ローリング・ストーン』のインタヴューに答えて、解散を躊躇しているとも解釈できる発言をしていたのだった。
“"I always hold my breath whenever Steven does an interview on his own," he says with a laugh.” 「常に」という副詞に注目。

*1:See Daniel Kreps “Steven Tyler Confirms Aerosmith 2017 Farewell Tour” http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/steven-tyler-confirms-aerosmith-embarking-on-2017-farewell-tour-20160624 Alex Young “Aerosmith announce their impending breakup” http://consequenceofsound.net/2016/06/aerosmith-announce-their-impending-breakup/ Mentioned in http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20160625/1466874025

古稀を迎えた

安藤健二「「ビキニの水着」誕生から70年　その由来は原爆実験だった」http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2016/07/05/bikini_n_10810712.html
児玉克哉「ビキニ水着とビキニ核実験との関係から被曝への認識を考える」http://bylines.news.yahoo.co.jp/kodamakatsuya/20160404-00056194/

以前にも「ビキニ」の歴史を採り上げたことがあったのだが*1、今月はビキニ環礁における米国の核実験及び、それに触発された（水着としての）「ビキニ」発表からちょうど70周年だったわけだ。
See also

Natalie Cox “Bikinis on young girls – why is that a problem?” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/apr/25/bikinis-young-girls-gwyneth-paltrow
Katya Foreman “Why the bikini became a fashion classic”http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130913-the-bikini-an-itsy-bitsy-classic
Paula Cocozza “A little piece of history” https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips

ところで、20年くらい前に、「ビキニ」よりも凄いということをウリにした〈チェルノブイリ〉というのが発表されたことがある。

*1:http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20130427/1367077063 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20130917/1379420756

サン＝テグジュペリの記者証

Agence France-Presse “Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's Spanish civil war press pass found” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/05/antoine-de-saint-exuperys-little-prince-author-spanish-civil-war-press-pass

飛行士にして作家のアントワーヌ・ド・サン＝テグジュペリ*1が西班牙内戦時に使用していた記者証が弁護士でアマチュア歴史家のPolicarpo Sánchez氏によってトレド県*2の小村で発見された。これは当時の共和国政府プロパガンダ部門が発行したもの。

Dated 16 April 1937 the media accreditation for the author of The Little Prince was issued by the bureau in charge of propaganda for the losing republican side in Spain’s civil war. All journalists who worked in republican territory were required to register with the department.

Saint-Exupéry was aged 36 at the time and he listed himself in the pass he filled out as being an aviator and “clerk” in what appears to be a mistaken translation into Spanish of ecrivain, the French world for writer.

Saint-Exupéry had listed his address in the Spanish capital as the Hotel Florida, where many writers who came to Spain to cover the war such as Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn*3 stayed.

The conflict pitted soldiers loyal to an elected Socialist-led government known as republicans against rebel nationalist troops under Gen Francisco Franco in his military uprising that ultimately toppled the government.

It was one of the first conflicts to be extensively covered by press around the world, especially by intellectuals who sympathised with the republican side.

Saint-Exupéry, a pioneering pilot of his era, covered the war in 1936 from Barcelona in north-eastern Spain for the French newspaper L’Intransigeant and then in 1937 for Paris-Soir.

*1:http://www.antoinedesaintexupery.com/ See eg. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%86%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA Mentioned in http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20080702/1215017909

*2:See eg. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Toledo https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%89%E7%9C%8C

*3:http://gellhornmartha.blogspot.com/ See eg. Petri Liukkonen “Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998)” https://greencardamom.github.io/BooksAndWriters/gellhorn.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn Mentioned in http://d.hatena.ne.jp/sumita-m/20110608/1307562917