Agnes Heller

葉安(編訳)「女哲学家赫勒獲松寧奨」『東方早報』2006年4月21日

また、

The Associated Press “Hungarian writer Heller wins Danish Sonning Prize”
http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060420/NEWS/604200600/1102/RSS01&source=rss


哲学者アグネス・ヘラーが、コペンハーゲン大学によって設立されたSonning Prizeを受賞した。APの記事に曰く、


“University Rector Ralf Hemmingsen praised Heller for discussing the terms of human existence through the works of European philosophers and writers, including Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, Aristotle, Martin Heidegger, William Shakespeare and Soren Kierkegaard.

The award committee cited Heller for describing Europe’s culture for half a century with “a creative talent, a political cleverness, moral energy and intellectual integrity.”

いうまでもないが、ヘラーはルカーチの弟子として知られる人。
1999年にRadical Philosophyによって行われたインタヴューを読んでみる;


“Post-Marxism and The Ethics of Modernity”
http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2190&editorial_id=10186


まずタイトルに偽りあり。しかし、興味深い。
哲学との出会いについて;


When I started university I wanted to be a scientist and I began by attending classes on the theory of relativity. My boyfriend, who was a philosophy student, asked me to accompany him to philosophy classes which were being given by Lukács on the development of philosophical culture from Kant to Hegel, and I sat there listening to Lukács and I understood hardly a single sentence. But I did understand one thing: that this was the most important thing I had ever heard in my life and so I must understand it. Later on when I read Collingwood's autobiography I learned that he had a similar experience after reading Kant's ethics. It was 1947. I was eighteen years old. By October I had decided to study philosophy and Lukács was my teacher.
ヘラーは1947年にハンガリー共産党に入った。”I needed some absolutes at that time.”という。そして、1949年に除名される。その事情については、

No one `left' the Party. We were expelled from the Party. People who left were immediately imprisoned at that time. In 1948 the new Communist regime was established. When I joined in 1947 the Party seemed to be a democratic party. It was one party among many. I voted for the Party in 1947. I could have voted for other parties. I only learned later that it was not at all democratic, but rather Stalinist. If there had been a more radical party I would have voted for that one; the more radical the better. Young people were radical at that time. You could be a socialist without being a communist.
と語られる。Imre Nagy政権下の1954年に再び入党。そして、1958年に再び除名。所謂ハンガリア革命の後である。ハンガリア革命と所謂評議会民主主義を巡ってのアレントへの反駁がある;

ST: Some of the things you have written about the Hungarian uprising of 1956 sound like Arendt - that it was more than a mere political event, that it represented something about modern aspirations, about what it means to be politically free. What does the '56 uprising means to you?

Heller: 1956 is still the most important political event in my life because it was the only really socialist revolution in history. It was a revolution that meant liberation in the sense of the American Revolution - that is, independence on the one hand and political liberation on the other. It was a `war of independence', but also a matter of establishing democracy and the constitution of liberties. This was a very `American' revolution. My difference with Arendt is that I was never against representation in politics. The members of the workers councils and movements for self-management were never against it. They were for general elections and co-operation. They wanted dual political power: representation and participation. They wanted a freely elected parliament and a multi-party system. Arendt argued that you must abandon representation in favour of direct democracy. Unlike Arendt, people in Hungary realized that direct democracy is terroristic. Pure democracy without safeguards is pure terror. They wanted to establish human rights as a counterweight against substantive democracy.

ST: Do you think that Arendt romanticized Hungary?

Heller: Yes, she was romanticizing. The problem stems from her wanting to derive absolute theoretical conclusions from the history of ten days. The councils would have shrunk. She was right though about the `Machiavellian moment'; that you need beginnings, and you need moments when the margin becomes the centre. The margin can become the centre for ten days, as in Paris in 1968, but then it returns to the margin. It is important for the historical memory to see that the margin was able to get to the centre. So Arendt had a point, but she drew a very negative consequence from it. She said that there should not be general elections at all, but rather that people should always be `participants'. This is dangerous. 

アレントが評議会民主主義に言及しているのは主に『革命について』。ただし、ハンナおばさんは「代表民主主義」を完全に否定しているわけではないと思うが、如何?
マルクスを巡って。まず最初に共産党に入った頃;

I considered Marx to be an economist, not a philosopher, offering a description of capitalist society. I had read Capital, for instance, but I didn't consider this to be a work of philosophy. However, I saw that things were not in order around me, the situation with the Party, and so on, so I began to be curious about what Marx said. The appearance was there, but not the essence.


I started to read Marx only after 1953, particularly the German edition of the young Marx. Before then Marx was not available. You couldn't go into a library and get it because it was all in closed sections. But between 1953 and 1956 there was a relative liberalization and so I went to the library and I started to read Marx.


I was not a Marxist because I had no idea about what Marxism is; but if you had asked me if I was a Marxist I would have said `yes, I am a Marxist'. The interesting thing is that the Party never believed I was a Marxist. They always said I was neither a communist nor a Marxist, and I realized later that in a way they were right and I was wrong. I was never really a Marxist in an orthodox sense.
ところで、”To teach Marx was the most dangerous thing you can imagine because you had to teach Marx according to the official version of Marxism given by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism.”という発言には苦笑だけでは済まされないものがあるな。

Hellerへのインタヴューとしては、ほかに


Csaba Polony
“"The essence is good but all the appearace is evil": An Interview with Agnes Heller”
http://www.leftcurve.org/LC22WebPages/heller.html

Simon Tormey
“Interviews with Agnes Heller (1998)”
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/simon.tormey/articles/hellerinterview.html


が見つかった。特にSimon Tormeyによるものは8時間に及ぶ。
これらについては、後日ということで。